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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has several notable variants that are believed or have been believed to be of particular importance. The sequence WIV04/2019 is thought likely to be the original sequence infecting humans, known as 'sequence zero'.[1]
Clades
| Rambaut et al. sub-lineages | Notes (details in Rambaut et al.) | Nextstrain clades | GISAID clades | Notable variants |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A.1–A.6 | 19B | S | ||
| B.3–B.7, B.9, B.10, B.13–B.16 | 19A | L | ||
| O* | ||||
| B.2 | V | |||
| B.1 | B.1.5 to B.1.72 | 20A | G | B.1 clade includes D614G |
| B.1.9, B.1.13, B.1.22, B.1.26, B.1.37 | GH | |||
| B.1.3 to B.1.66 | 20C | Includes 501.V2 aka 20C/501Y.V2 or B.1.351 lineage | ||
| B.1.1 | 20B | GR | Includes VOC-202012/01 aka 20B/501Y.V1 or B.1.1.7 lineage, and B.1.1.207 | |
| B.1.177 | 20A.EU1[3] | GV*[4] | ||
| Note: in another source[4], GISAID name a set of 7 clades without the 'O' clade but including a 'GV' clade. | ||||
While there are many thousands of variants of SARS-CoV-2,[5] there are also much larger groupings called clades. Several different clade nomenclatures for SARS-CoV-2 have been proposed.
- As of December 2020[update], GISAID—referring to SARS-CoV-2 as hCoV-19[2]—identified seven clades (O, S, L, V, G, GH, and GR).[6]
- Also as of December 2020[update], Nextstrain identified five (19A, 19B, 20A, 20B, and 20C).[7]
- In an article in the November 2020 issue of International Journal of Infectious Diseases, Guan et al. identified five global clades (G614, S84, V251, I378 and D392).[8]
- Rambaut et al. proposed the term 'lineage' in a 2020 article in Nature Microbiology;[9] as of December 2020[update], there have been five major lineages (A, B, B.1, B.1.1, and B.1.177) identified.[10]
Notable variants
Involving N501Y
N501Y denotes a change from asparagine (N) to tyrosine (Y) in amino-acid position 501,[11] believed by Public Health England to increase binding affinity.[12]
501.V2
501.V2 variant, also known as 501.V2, 20C/501Y.V2 or B.1.351 lineage,[13] was first detected in South Africa and reported by the country's health department on 18 December 2020.[14] Researchers and officials reported that the prevalence of the variant was higher among young people with no underlying health conditions, and by comparison with other variants it is more frequently resulting in serious illness in those cases.[15][16] The South African health department also indicated that the variant may be driving the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country due to the variant spreading at a more rapid pace than other earlier variants of the virus.[14][15]
Scientists noted that the variant contains several mutations that allow it to attach more easily to human cells because of the following three mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the spike glycoprotein of the virus: N501Y,[14][17] K417N, and E484K.[18][19] The N501Y mutation has also been detected in the United Kingdom.[14][20]
Variant of Concern 202012/01
Variant of Concern 202012/01 (VOC-202012/01),[21] previously known as the first Variant Under Investigation in December 2020 (VUI – 202012/01)[22] and also as lineage B.1.1.7 or 20B/501Y.V1,[23][24][13] was first detected in October 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom from a sample taken the previous month.[25] Since then, its prevalance odds have doubled every 6.5 days, the presumed generational interval.[26][27] It is correlated with a significant increase in the rate of COVID-19 infection in United Kingdom. This increase is thought to be at least partly because of change N501Y inside the spike glycoprotein's receptor-binding domain, which is needed for binding to ACE2 in human cells.
Cluster 5
Cluster 5, also referred to as ΔFVI-spike by the Danish State Serum Institute (SSI),[28] was discovered in Northern Jutland, Denmark, and is believed to have been spread from minks to humans via mink farms. On 4 November 2020, it was announced that the mink population in Denmark would be culled to prevent the possible spread of this mutation and reduce the risk of new mutations happening. A lockdown and travel restrictions were introduced in seven municipalities of Northern Jutland to prevent the mutation from spreading, which could compromise national or international responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.
2019 Anime Releases
The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that cluster 5 has a 'moderately decreased sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies'.[29] SSI warned that the mutation could reduce the effect of COVID-19 vaccines under development, although it was unlikely to render them useless. Following the lockdown and mass-testing, SSI announced on 19 November 2020 that cluster 5 in all probability had become extinct.[30]
A701B
The Malaysian Ministry of Health announced on 23 December 2020 that it has discovered a mutation of SARS-CoV-2 which they designated as 'A701B' among 60 samples collected from the Benteng Lahad Datu cluster in Sabah. By analogy with D614G this has a substitution of amino acid A (Alanine) with an amino acid B at codon position 701.[citation needed] The mutation is characterized as being similar to the one found recently from that time in South Africa, Australia and the Netherlands although it is uncertain if the A701B mutation is more infectious or aggressive than before.[31] The provincial government of Sulu in neighboring Philippines temporarily suspended travel to Sabah in response to the discovery of A701B due to uncertainty over the nature of the mutation.[32]
B.1.1.207
Sequencing by the African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases in Nigeria discovered a variant with a P681H mutation, shared in common with VOC-202012/01. First sequenced in August,[33] the implications for transmission and virulence are unclear but it has been listed as an emerging variant by the US Centers for Disease Control.[34] It shares no other mutations with VOC-202012/01 and as of late December 2020 this variant accounts for around 1% of viral genomes sequenced in Nigeria, though this may rise.[33] The site of mutation is highly variable in coronaviruses.[34][35]
D614G
D614G is a variant that affects the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. The G variant (glycine at position 614) has increased in frequency during the pandemic, probably after initially arising in China and then spreading to Italy in January and globally from there. G has replaced D (aspartic acid) in many countries, especially in Europe though more slowly in China and the rest of East Asia, supporting the hypothesis that G increases the transmission rate, which is consistent with higher viral titers and infectivity in vitro.[1]
In July 2020, it was reported that the more infectious D614G SARS-CoV-2 variant had become the dominant form in the pandemic.[36][37][38]
Roblox Anime Cross 2 2019
The global prevalence of D614G correlates with the prevalence of loss of smell (anosmia) as a symptom of COVID-19, possibly mediated by higher binding of the G variant to the ACE2 receptor or higher protein stability and hence higher infectivity of the olfactory epithelium.[39]
Viruses containing the G variant are considered to be part of the G clade by GISAID and the B.1 clade by the Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak LINeages (PANGOLIN) tool.[1][40]
wikigb.comVariants of SARS-CoV-2